# Constant Offset matrix

Such as in Satellites, or fancy inverse pendulums.

In a particular paper, the writer tries to explain away an offset and settling of the system angle and reaction wheel angular velocity at non-demand conditions because of the dynamics of the control scheme will give to a constant motor angular velocity when there is a constant offset. Given the matricies A and B and the Kd gains aquired from the LQR method from a SSM such as:

$$A=\left( \begin{array}{ccc} 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \frac{g \left(l_b m_b+l m_w\right)}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} & -\frac{R_b}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} & \frac{R_w}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} \\ -\frac{g \left(l_b m_b+l m_w\right)}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} & \frac{R_b}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} & \frac{R_w \left(\Theta _b+l^2 m_w+\Theta _w\right)}{\Theta _w \left(\Theta _b+l^2 m_w\right)} \\ \end{array} \right)$$

$$B=\left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ -\frac{\text{Km}}{\Theta _b+l^2 m_w} \\ \frac{R_w \left(\Theta _b+l^2 m_w+\Theta _w\right)}{\Theta _w \left(\Theta _b+l^2 m_w\right)} \\ \end{array} \right)$$

$$Kd=\left( \begin{array}{c} \text{K1} \\ \text{K2} \\ \text{K3} \\ \end{array} \right)$$

They explain

As it can be seen from the plot, the estimated state of the system converges to ($$\phi$$b , $$\phi'$$b , $$\phi'$$w ) = (−0.058, 0.0, 37.0). This behavior can be explained by the following property of the system:

$$V=(\text{IdentityMatrix}[3]-A+B.\text{Kd})^{-1}.B=\left( \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0 \\ \frac{\text{Km}}{\text{K3} \text{Km}+R_w} \\ \end{array} \right)$$

However, when working out their maths...I get anything but their solution, where the first two components or $$V$$ are equal to 0.

Is this particular equation a known one assumed to give zeros in the first two components? Or is there a mistake of some kind? Unfortunately there are no references given to their assumption.

The exact text for context:

I actually spent a while trying to figure this out, and I realized that they're talking about Final value theorem.

Here's a paper (warning: PDF) that gives the equation you've provided in your paper with a correction:

$$\left(sI - \left(A-BK\right)\right)^{-1}B \\$$

Note the Laplace operator $$s$$! The final value theorem says that you can get $$\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty} x(t)$$ by taking the limit $$\lim_{s\rightarrow0}sX(s)$$.

Now, I couldn't get the right answer with the matrices you provided, but I think I found your source material ("The Cubli: A Cube that can Jump Up and Balance", Gajamohan et al 2012), which gives:

When I use these values and use $$Kd = [k1, k2, k3]$$ (Note that this is a row vector, not column vector as in your question), I get the following:

clear all;
clc;
syms L Lb mw mb g Km K1 K2 K3 Ib Iw Cb Cw;
syms s;
A = [0, 1, 0; ...
(mb*Lb+mw*L)*g/(Ib+mw*L*L), -Cb/(Ib+mw*L*L), Cw/(Ib+mw*L*L); ...
-(mb*Lb+mw*L)*g/(Ib+mw*L*L), Cb/(Ib+mw*L*L), -Cw*(Ib+Iw+mw*L*L)/(Iw*(Ib+mw*L*L))];
B = [0; ...
-Km/(Ib+mw*L*L); ...
Km*(Ib+Iw+mw*L*L)/(Iw*(Ib+mw*L*L))];
Kd = [K1, K2, K3];

eqn = ((s*eye(3) - (A-B*Kd))^(-1))*B;

solution = limit(eqn, s, 0);

simplify(expand(solution))

ans =

0
0
Km/(Cw + K3*Km)


Hope this helps!!

• Wow thanks! Thats a seemingly huge missing part of their equation. And yes that was the exact paper i was reading, nice detective work :)! Sep 11 '19 at 18:15
• @morbo Haha nice, thanks. Google'd the line from the screencap you posted and that turned the paper up. Glad to help! Sep 11 '19 at 18:17