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Well, the torque produced by a DC motor is proportional to the current running through it. Simply attach a DC motor to the end of the pipe, and control the current somehow. … If you need perfectly constant and controllable torque, then you'll the following will solve both problems: Couple the motor to the pipe using a torque sensor. …

The problem comes when you are using PWM to drive the motor. … The capacitors have nothing to do with protecting the motor in the case of a stall. When the motor stalls, the current increases and you risk overheating the motor. …

Added: The reason for putting the transistor below the motor is that it's easier to make it work. … But if the transistor was above the motor, and the motor was running at 12v, then it's going to be impossible for the Arduino to do this, because it can't generate a voltage high enough. …

But what if I had an electric motor instead of the air muscles? In that case it can only pull on one tendon at a time, and it's not antagonistic. What it the arrangement called in this case? …

I think Zuu's answer was very good, but I'd like to add some more detail to it. The idea of using a spring is very good. From the start this creates the oscillating movement you want. I would sugge …

Before we get into what's happening in the motor controller, it would be worth looking at a different graph: Here we can see that the torque produced by the motor is purely a function of the current … Assuming a world with no friction, motor torque is proportional to acceleration. If you can control the acceleration, then you can easily control the velocity and position of the motor. …

For this saw, it means having the motor on the right of your robot. Added: OK, so you have a 5.44k weight limit. … If you find yourself over the weight limit, and can't get under it, then you could go for a brushless motor. …

This defines the motor power you need (something people often forgot to think about). Power is usually the first thing you should consider when choosing a motor. … If the manufacturer doesn't specify the efficiency, then assume 50%, in which case, you'll need a motor of at least twice the power. …

One important noise generator is the gear train between the motor and the effector. …

I have a motor which drives a string connected to a load cell. I would like to implement a closed loop controller to control the load applied by the motor to the string. …

Why not build a motor which can cross the hull of the vehicle. Put the magnets of the motor outside, and keep the windings inside where it's dry. … What you will be making here is basically a Brushless Motor: You could maybe build this into something like a ducted fan. …