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I don't know of any motor that is easier for a newbie to control than a brushed dc motor. To get it to rotate you just apply the proper voltage across the windings. … : you can monitor the current to the motor. That is proportional to the motor's torque. …

There are many ways to get feedback regarding the motion of a dc motor. … For example, you can monitor the current being consumed by the motor's windings, and use the motor constant $k_\tau$, to infer the torque generated by the motor. …

For a DC motor, you can use a relay instead of a motor controller if you aren't too concerned about precision. … You'll also see a reverse current if you stop the motor abruptly, so flyback diodes are a good idea as @hauptmech indicates. …

EDIT (expanded to include motor controller behaviors): For some robots, particularly hobby and educational robots, the system can just disable the brakes and/or servos (or remove the motor's bus voltage …

Do you want the non-engaged wheel to be locked in place while the other wheel is rotating? If so, I cannot think of any transmission that will do this easily without getting rather complicated. If y …

This device would tighten a beefy spring around the driven shaft when the input is turned in the forward direction, but would loosen itself and decouple from the motor when the robot is pushed in reverse …

I'm assuming you mean 12V geared DC motor. It can give a stable response. In fact, this is done all the time. … It just depends on the specifications of motor, the gears, the power supply, the controller (amp), the software, and the load. …

You need to low-pass filter the input data.

$$y_d = a x^2 + b x + c$$ is your model, where I am using $y_d$ to represent the desired value of your control variable. Using the measured value of your encoder $y_m$, define an error value $y_e$ $ …

You may be able to find readily-available off the shelf solutions for your implementation. Look at the offerings by companies such as Thompson, Igus and the like. http://www.thomsonlinear.com/webs …

Do you have the space to implement a straight-line 4-bar mechanism? These devices take a rotary input and generate straight-line motion for a point on the coupler. There are exact straight-line mech …

If you are trying to implement torque control, you only need a control loop around torque. The challenge isn't in trying to integrate the torque (or acceleration) controller, and passing it to a veloc …

Both holding torque for a stepper motor, and stall torque for a servo motor, refer to the maximum amount of torque when the shaft is not spinning and the windings are fully energized. … A stepper motor also has a detent torque because of its magnet arrangement. …

Arrick robotics over the years, and they have a relatively turnkey system for $300 here: https://www.arrickrobotics.com/rt12.html If you are skilled at automation you could do this with a dc brushed motor …

Torque is the amount of "rotational force" available at the output shaft of the motor. You can increase or decrease torque using gears. … So a higher hp motor can produce its torque in less time than a lower hp motor can. …