# Angular momentum of rimless wheel in Passive Dynamic Walking

In Tad McGeer's work, Passive Dynamic Walking, in 1990, he mentions the rimless wheel model, which is used to approximate the bipedal locomotion. I can't understand why the angular momentum is written as follows.

$H^-=(\cos 2\alpha_0+r^2_{gyr})ml^2\Omega^-$

I have the following questions:

1. Isn't the angular momentum be $I*\omega$, $m^2l\Omega$ as the paper's notation?

2. If $\alpha_0$ is $\frac{\pi}{2}$ and $r_{gyr}$ approaches to 0, shouldn't the angular momentum before impact, $H^-$, be negative? Then how the conservation goes?

• @Chuck sorry about the wrong year, it's the 1990 paper. I've edited the post with the link. – lucasKo May 12 '16 at 14:50

In McGeer's 1990 work on Passive Dynamic Walking, the angular momentum equation that you have posted is the angular momentum of the system just before the impact of the swing foot, about the impending impact point. It consists of two parts:

• the angular momentum due to the velocity of the center of mass about the impact point, given by $\cos(2\alpha_0) ml^2 \Omega_-$; and

• the angular momentum due to the velocity of the rotational inertia about the center of mass, given by $r^2_{gyr} ml^2 \Omega_-$.

To answer question 1, the equation is already in the form $H = I*\omega + ml^2\Omega$, as you would expect. The challenge comes in because of two factors.

• First, the overall rotational inertia $I$ about the impact point is defined using a radius of gyration, since the system is rotationally symmetric about the center of mass: $I = r^2_{gyr} ml^2$.

• Second, the angular velocity $\Omega_-$ is about the foot of the supporting leg, some of which is lost due to the impact of the swinging foot with the ground. This means the required $\Omega$ to find the angular momentum about the impact point is actually equal to $cos(2\alpha_0) \Omega_-$, leading to the equation as written in McGeer's work.

To answer question 2, both $\alpha_0$ and $r_{gyr}$ are constants for a rimless wheel (as @NBCKLY said in his answer):

• $\alpha_0$ is the angle between legs, given by $\alpha_0 = 2\pi/n$ (where $n$ is the number of legs). This means that in order to have $\alpha_0 = \pi/2$, there would need to be 4 legs on the wheel and the majority of the energy will be lost at every step (not a likely scenario).

• $r_{gyr}$ is the radius of gyration, a proxy for the constant rotational inertia of the model about the center of mass. Since the distribution of mass of the model does not change, this value also will not change.

There has been lots of work done more recently on the concepts that you are exploring in passive dynamic walking and underactuated robotics which I would invite you to investigate using your preferred research platform.

• Happy to help! I've been working with the rimless wheel for a while now, so figured I'd share what I know about it. – Brandon J. DeHart May 26 '16 at 1:03

There are some fundamental problems with your questions.

First, $\alpha_0$ and $r_{gyr}$ are fixed parameters that depend on the passive walker.

Second, the equation $$H^-=I*\omega=(cos(2 \alpha_0)+r_{gyr}^2)m l^2 \Omega$$ implies that $$I=(cos(2 \alpha_0)+r_{gyr}^2)m l^2 \neq m l^2.$$

Lastly, I'm not sure that $\alpha_0=\pi/2$ makes sense physically because it is the angle of the leg at support transfer. See Figure 5 in the paper. The gait of each leg is out of phase as expected. $\alpha_0=\pi/2$ would mean that the weight transfers when the leg is perpendicular with the ground, which, I am confident, would not be a smooth walking gait.

• Thank you, @NBCKLY. But I still can't understand how does the $cos(2\alpha_0)+r^2_{gyr}$ come along. I suppose that $m$ represents the center of mass of the rimless wheel. – lucasKo May 16 '16 at 3:59