Started this as a comment, but moved it here to an answer because (1) it's much longer than a typical comment and (2) hopefully it's got some helpful hints in here to get you started.
Welcome to Robotics, Ddefin Orsstt. I think it would be helpful if you could label your frames and explain why you're choosing the particular values on your table. Typically I've seen z- or y-axes as the "up" axis, but you're stating that the maximum length should be X 503.12, Y 0, Z close to 0. The only way I get 503.12 is if the arm is straight up, which again I would expect to be y- or z-value readings.
The maximum z-value (if z is up) I could calculate would be the F0 to F1 offset (J1) of 101.32 mm, plus the "crook" just before the joint 3 at F3 of 25.4; this give (101.32 + 25.4) = 126.72. My issue with looking at it from this point of view is that then the maximum x/horizontal reach is not the 503.12 anymore, but the "upper arm" length of 137.8, the "forearm" length 163.2, and the end effector length 100.8, or (137.8 + 163.2 + 100.8) = 401.8.
It's also not clear to me what you're using in a particular transform; you should consider including the joint angles in your DH parameter table. I would expect a zero-length transform between an F0 frame ("world origin") and F1, where the output of joint 1 is located, if joint 1's output is coincident with your world origin.
Right now, it's looking like you've got 6 joints, by your DH table, but I'm only counting 4 (or 5?) in your picture:
- Joint 1, at the bottom,
- Joint 2, 101.32 up from Joint 1,
- Joint 3, 137.8 (shown as 163.2) up AND 25.4 over from Joint 2,
- Joint 4, 163.2 over from Joint 3.
After joint 4, you have two dimensions: 50.8, to something (can't tell if it's a joint or not), and 100.8, to the tip of the end effector.
The DH parameters should define one actuator relative to the previous actuator in the arm/chain. You've got joint 3 split out as two actuators in your DH table, which is incorrect, and it looks like maybe you've got something at the end of your DH table to (I'm guessing) correct the orientation of the end effector?
Start with a simple drawing of your arm. Put an "F0" where the base of this would be screwed to a table, then start putting new frames (F1, F2, ..., etc.) at the output of each actuator. Put a frame at the end effector in whatever orientation you want to use for that end effector.
This should be your starting point for making your DH parameters. Try making this drawing and, if you're still having trouble, please edit your question to post that drawing here.
:EDIT:
This is the video I always refer people to when asking about DH Parameters. Going through the video and referring to your diagram, if the joints at F1, F2, and F3 are all oriented in the same direction, then your $d$ vector, the vector of distances along the previous joint's z-axis, is:
$$
d = \left[\begin{matrix}
101.32 \\
0 \\
0 \\
0 \\
\end{matrix}\right]
$$
... but, as you continue to follow along with the video, you can see that the rest of the parameters depend on your frame definitions, especially the base. This is where it becomes really important to have a drawing that shows what your robot arm looks like when all the joints are set to zero.
Generally speaking, though, it looks like all your numbers are probably correct, but you're not using the "standard" terms of $d, a, \alpha, \theta$, so I think it's possible that, especially if you're getting wrong numbers, you could be entering your values into the incorrect vectors in a DH solver (i.e., swapping $d$ and $a$ and/or swapping $\alpha$ and $\theta$). Also, your polarities could be wrong. I personally try to define everything as right-handed. Right-handed rotations can be visualized by putting the thumb of your right hand along the z-axis of a joint; the fingers of your right hand then naturally curl in the direction of positive rotation.
You're still asking if you've plugged the numbers in correctly, but I don't know what you're plugging them into and there's no update on what your software/algorithm is expecting or outputting.
