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Is it possible to convert a cycle into an electric bike by using brushless outrunner motors that usually are for RC planes, multicopter, helicopter, etc?
If it is possible, what specs do my motors need to be to provide enough power to bring my cycle to speed?
Will I need a gear system?
Let's assume you do a motor on the crank shaft rather than on the hub.
When you step on the pedal/crank it's approximately the mass of your body doing all the work.
$Torque(\tau)=Force*Distance$, $Force=mass*Acceleration$
$mass:=70Kg$, $Acceleration:=9.8\frac{m}{s^2}$, $Distance:=0.2m$
$\tau=70\times9.8\times0.2 \implies140Nm$ of torque for a motor to provide the same torque that you do.
$Power=Torque*Speed(in \frac{radians}{sec})$
Cranking the pedals a full turn each second is reasonable.
$1\frac{rotation}{sec}=\frac{2\pi\space radians}{sec}=\frac{6.28\space radians}{sec}$
So, $140Nm\times6.28\frac{radians}{sec}\implies 880Watts$
This is a peak, you would get tired very quickly pedalling this hard, (think about how long you can climb stairs at 2 per second). Average human power is closer to 100W.
So now you have some numbers. You don't need more than 140Nm peak torque, and around 900W power. (Laws usually restrict you to less than this power). Let's say that you just want some power assist. 30Nm and 50W of power might be ok.
I have no idea which motor you were looking at; here's one at random in the £30 range. Let's estimate the torque it will produce. The motor constant kv tells us a lot. Not only is it an estimate of the backemf (ie how many volts per rpm the motor generates when it's spinning), the inverse of the same consant is an estimate of how much torque per amp is produced.
$kv\implies \frac{Volts}{\frac{rotations}{min}}\implies\frac{Volts}{\frac{2\pi\space radians}{60sec}}\implies\frac{60}{2\pi}\frac{Volts}{\frac{radians}{sec}}\implies\frac{Volts}{\frac{radians}{sec}}=\frac{2\pi}{60}kv$
$\frac{Volts}{\frac{radians}{sec}}=\frac{1}{\frac{Nm}{Amp}}\implies\frac{Nm}{Amp}=\frac{1}{\frac{Volts}{\frac{radians}{sec}}}=\frac{60}{2\pi kv}$
That motor has a kv of 335$\frac{rpm}{V}$ so it's torque constant is about .028$\frac{Nm}{Amp}$ and it has a max current of 28A so it's maximum torque is 0.78$Nm$
So you would need around 40:1 gearing to get the torque into the range we want.
So even though the motor seems to have enough power, to amplify the torque to be useful, you will need gearing.
I agree with @user241585 it's much easier to use kits designed for bicycles to start with. A company I've been happy with and is relatively cheap is golden motor.
Its going to be very difficult to make a cycle run with motors that small. You would be better off looking at an electric wheelchair motor. You need starting torque to bring the bike up from a standstill, and a motor that is typically light enough to run an rc plane isn't going to have the "balls" to push a bike, especially with a rider on it. They make motors already spec'd for this task, why reinvent the wheel(pun intended).
